Is this some sort of product advertisment?

You are correct, plain radiography wether Digital, CR or film are incorrect measurements for the reasons you have suggested. Unless the precise SID and OID are known (larger SID away from the centre of the image) then an exact measurement cannot be known. Indeed, the question would arise about a particular feature, wether that is the most anterior plane or posterior plane as this in itself would change magnification factors. There is also increasing distorion as you move away from the centre of the image due to the angle of the radiating being increasing (and this its OID:SID ratio), nevermind the fact that not every radiographer performs every study with exactly the same SID not to mention the errors in measurement of the SID.

If that is the point you are making then it is well known, and no "simple techniques" will ever be able to compensate to give a "non wrong" 2D measurements. Acknowledging you cannot have a perfect measurement, you will only ever be dealing with estimates, although potentially an estimate with a smaller range of uncertainty.

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"For example, AGFA is 1.5-2.5. If your EI is below 1.5, the cassette was underexposed and the computer does not have enough information to display a diagnostically valuable image. Therefore, you would need to increase your technique, which would increase the EI.
"

Depending on how that particular Ei is calculated, an EI below 1.5 could merely indicate that the cassette recieved less than expected as collimation was completely within skin edge - not becuase poor exposure factors were used. On our old system it was easy to demonstrate this by imaging something at very low exposure settings but exposing most of the cassette. This would result in the object being very white (far too noisy to detect any real contrast) but the EI indicating it was very over exposed (as there was lots of the cassette outside of the object that had been exposed and thus was very black.

Our new AGFA system uses a different EI scheme and seems far more accurate, but I have yet to really test it properly. It is important to note that EI systems generally also need to be calibrated.

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Not sure I understand your question, looks like "What diagnostic studies can be performed on neonates?". Pretty much any diagnostic CAN be performed on neonates, wether they SHOULD or not is a different story. It is really quite acceptable to do a full body CT on a neonate AS LONG AS there is a good enough reason to justify the risk. If there as a 50% of saving the neonates life by giving them a 20% risk of dying from cancer in 30 years, is that acceptable?

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Depends on what the clinical objective of the study is. As you have indicated KUB (Kidney ureter bladder) and not abdomen, I would say that there is no part of the renal system near the diaphragm, thus, the diaphragm does not need to be included on a KUB. A KUB is different from a supine abdomen, and a KUB series should be different from an abdominal series. A KUB series should probably include 2 or 3 images - a regular KUB, an ipsilateral posterior oblique KUB (incase ureters overlie transverse process of vertebra or gas patterns) and potentially a coned kidney shot (scatter reduction). Although renal stones are not always radiopaque and a KUB by itself does not exclude renal stones - jsut large radiopaque ones. As for pubic symphisis, as a renal stone can occour anywhere in the renal system and the urethra passes inferior to the pubic symphisis you should be including the inferior aspect of pubic symphisis on a KUB.

As for supine abdo's with diaphragms on. I dont really see much point, however I try to for the sake of completeness. The diaphragm should be demonstreted on erect abdo, small lesions/masses are unlikely to show in the upper abdomen on a plane film and about the only part of the bowel you would miss would be part of the splenic flecture. Having said that, gas:fluid levels are not specific for obstruction and a perforation is better demonstrated on CXR, leaving the erect abdo with questinoable usefulness. obstruction can be diagnsoed with supine only films as the calibre of the bowel is much more indicative. The erect abdo can detect a fluid filled lesino outside of the GI tract if it is sufficiently far away to not be assumed bowel. However, every man and his dog seems to love erect abdo's despite the concerns expressed in the literature.

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