Change: patient is rotated so they are looking towards the right side.Demonstrating intervertebral disc spacesSuccessful demonstration of the intervertebral disc spaces is largely dependent on correct central ray angulation. Generally, the central ray is perpendicular to the film.   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 606)  View all updates.

Change: The spinous processes are seen in the midline of the vertebral bodies (see notes below)The pedicles are equidistant from the vertebral body edges (see notes below)The mandibular angles are equidistant from the cervical spine Correct central ray angulation is evidenced by The intervertebral disc   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 399)  View all updates.

Change: inches) above the shoulders Critique PACEMAN Positioning Area Covered C7 through to L1Collimation Centre: To C7T7 Shutter A: Open to include C7 through to L1 Shutter B: Open to include the entire thoracic spine, including the soft tissue of the neckExposure Special Notes   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 333)  View all updates.

Change: (this may need to be open wider in the case of scoliosis) Markers Superior and LateralMarker orientation AP Shielding Gonadal(check your department's policy guidelines) Respiration On suspended deep inspiration or gentle breathing for breathing technique Positioning The patient is supine on the table bucky, arms at their sides   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 333)  View all updates.

Change: - the zygopophyseal joints will be visible - the pedicles will be seen in the posterior vertebral body ifIf the patient is "too AP" - the pedicles are more obscured and are see closer to how they are seen in an AP position, that is, they are positioned   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 656)  View all updates.

Change: Special Notes Anterior vs Posterior ObliquesAnterior Obliques are generally preferred as, less radiation dose to the thyroid than Posterior Obliques the intervertebral foramina that are demonstrated are those closest to the IR, so therefore, are sharper and less magnified Posterior Obliques demonstrate the intervertebral foramina furthest from the IR   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 555)  View all updates.

Change: Ensure the chin is up slightly to avoid superimposition over the cervical spine For Posterior Obliques,Chin Position upthe patient slightly,in notan superimposingAP overposition against the cervicalupright spineThebucky Angle patient'sthe patient so that their back and neck ismake ata   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 484)  View all updates.

Change: outout.For Anterior Obliques,For Posterior Obliques,Chin up slightly, not superimposing over the cervical spineThe patient's neck is at 45 degrees to the IR/bucky Critique PACEMAN Positioning Correct obliquity (45 degree rotation of the cervical spine) is evidenced by The intervertebral foramen are   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 423)  View all updates.

Change: This larger distance helps overcome the OID (object to image receptor distance) to reduce magnification and improve the sharpness of the image. Central Ray Directed to the level of C4Anterior Obliques - 15 degrees caudad (down)Posterior Obliques - 15 degrees cephalad (up) Collimation Centre: C4, collimate   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 423)  View all updates.

Change: 18cm X 24 cm (8 X 10 inches) Portrait Film / Screen Combination Regular(CR and DR as recommended by manufacturer) Bucky / Grid Wall or Table Bucky, Static Grid Filter No Exposure 65 kVp10 mAs FFD / SID 150 - 180 cm (72(60 - 72 inches)   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 172)  View all updates.